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l) a
lˀ (lā) adv. no, not
OA just l presumably always prefixed to the following word. Sam. occasionally the same. Early Egyptian OfA alternating lh and lˀ but elsewhere almost always with final aleph in the literary tradition and even so in Gal. and Sam. where other final long /a/ vowels are regularly rendered with heh.

  1 no, not Com. --(a) ܠܵܐ ܗܘܵܐ : it is not Syr.
  2 ܕܠܵܐ : without : see s.v. dlˀ prep. Syr. --(a) ܕܠܵܐ ܂܂܂ ܘܠܵܐ : without ... and without ... Syr.
  3 compounded with adjectives, nom.agg., abstracts, and adverbs ='un-', 'non', 'in-' Syr. --(a) nom. agg. . (a.1) adjectives therefrom . 1 adverbs therefrom . 2 abstracts therefrom . --(b) other adjectives . --(c) other abstract nouns (not ending in ūṯā) .
  4 הלא see s.v. hlˀ adv. BA-Da.

shd verb G
shd vb. e/a to testify
OfA, Palm śhd; CPA afel regularly formed as if from the root swd, i.e, ܐܣܝܕ , etc.

G
  1 to testify Com.
  2 to admonish, to charge Gal.

D
  1 to testify Syr, Man.
  2 to call to witness Syr.

C
  1 to testify, bear witness JLAtg, PTA, CPA, Sam, Syr, JBA, LJLA. --(a) to affirm publicly Sam, JBA. (a.1) ܥܠ : to ascribe to Syr.
  2 to suffer martyrdom Syr.
  3 to warn Sam.

Gt
  1 to be established by testimony Syr.
  2 to be interrogated Syr.
  3 to be made a witness Syr. --(a) of the evidence that serves as a witness against someone (?) LJLA.
  4 (testimony) to be given as testimony Man.

Dt
  1 to suffer martyrdom CPA, Syr.
  2 (testimony) to be given as testimony Man.

Ct
  1 to be admonished, to be charged JLAtg, Sam, LJLA.